Monitors were used in Mesa, where they worked
well; except that the requirement that a monitored data structure be
an entire module was irksome. Modula-3 is now taught in universities mostly in comparative programming language courses, and its textbooks are out of print.
In summary, the language features:
Modula-3 is one of the rare languages whose evolution of features is documented. The MUTEX is an object, and as such, other objects may be derived from it. In the 1970s, the trend was toward
information-hiding features like interfaces, opaque types, and generics.
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By default, an implementation module will implement the interface of the same name, but a module may explicitly EXPORT to a module not of the same name. The object-oriented design of the Rd (readers) and Wr (writers) libraries is covered in detail in the book by Greg Nelson. In Modula-3, it is impossible to import all exported names from a module. An interface is passed to the generic interface and implementation modules as arguments, and the compiler will generate concrete modules. Module file names are advised to be the same as the name in source code.
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A built-in data structure MUTEX is used to synchronize multiple threads and protect data structures from simultaneous access with possible corruption or race conditions. To get similar protection for
unsafe programs requires placing them in separate address spaces.
The
combination of object types with Modula-2 opaque types produces
something new: the partially opaque type, where some of an
object’s fields are visible in a scope and others are hidden. EXCEPT clause. .
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i3
FILE: IntegerStack. Type mismatches may
cause automatic conversions instead of errors (as when a fractional
real is rounded upon assignment to an integer).
Modula-3 is one of a few programming languages which requires external references from a module to be strictly qualified.
For example, one could define a GenericStack, then instantiate it with interfaces such as IntegerElem, or RealElem, or even interfaces to Objects, as long as each of those interfaces defines the properties needed by the generic modules.
Platforms supported include Linux, Solaris and Alpha/OSF. As in some other languages, a Modula-3 program must export a Main module, which can either be a file named Main.
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It is also important to ensure that you are paying for a service that has a chat option or phone call option so that you can contact a knowledgeable person if you are not getting the answers that you are looking for.
Note the use of the BRANDED keyword, which “brands” objects to make them unique as to avoid structural equivalence. [19] discover here implementation of classes was also inspired by the class mechanism found in C++ and Modula-3.
Small examples are often used to get across the basic idea: truck as
a subtype of vehicle; rectangle as a subtype of polygon.
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Compilers from DEC and Olivetti soon followed, and 3rd party implementations after that. website here IntegerStack. In this area Modula-3 follows the lead of Cedar by
adopting a small number of unsafe features
that are allowed only in
modules explicitly labeled unsafe.
For basic information about CM3-IDE, see look at this website Getting Started.
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It uses
the GNU C Compiler as a backend to generate binaries.
More recently, the trend in the Algol family has been to adopt a careful
selection of techniques from the Lisp and BCPL families. For example, the main program exports an implementation module for the Main interface. As
large address spaces become available, and programmers use them to
produce tightly-coupled applications, safety becomes more and more
important. The only sure way to avoid
these problems is the automatic freeing of unreachable storage, or
garbage collection.
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The Modula-3 design was
a joint project by Digital and Olivetti.
The basic idea of strong typing is to partition the value space into
types, restrict variables to hold values of a single type, and restrict
operations to apply to operands of fixed types. .